Antioxidant potential of herbal extracts -
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Chin Med e Download references. Department of Botany, SVRK M GDC, Nidadavole, W. Centre for Biotechnology, Institute of Science and Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, , India. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar.
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Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Abstract Medicinal plants are used for health care either directly or indirectly as they are rich source of several ingredients.
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Similar findings were also observed for phytochemical detection of Gunnera perpensa L. The G. Our results are also in accordance with these findings.
Present study is also in accordance with the findings where the total alkaloids, peiminine, peimine, and peimisine from the Fitillaria thunbergii bulb were extracted using the supercritical fluid extraction method.
The DPPH-RSA assay, ABTS-RSA, and FRAP assay were used to investigate the antioxidant capacity of F. thunbergii extracts. The maximum yield was 3. Similar studies were also conducted for the antioxidant potential of volatile oils and phenolic compounds of Ailanthus altissima.
The antioxidant, antimicrobial, and plant toxicity properties from MEs of leaves and their residues were analyzed. The DPPH and FRAP assays were used to measure the antioxidant potentials of extracts. So, a significant support was provided by this study for high antioxidants and cytotoxic activities of species and so can be efficiently used as a natural herbicides and antioxidants source in the food and pharmaceutical industries [ 49 , 57 ].
The findings of our study are further supported by earlier investigations using the same methodologies and protocols [ 58 ]. This is also in accordance to studies performed earlier about antiradical activity of ingredient, phytol, that have also shown its promising antioxidant and antimicrobial activity [ 17 ].
Similar findings were also observed for the phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities were evaluated in the celery plant Apium graveolens L. It was observed that because of compounds such as caffeine, citric acid, coumaric acid, tannin, apigenin, luteolin, folic acid, saponin, and kaempferol, the celery possessed strong anti-oxidant properties to eliminate free radicals.
It was suggested that with different compounds and different concentrations, celery can have different therapeutic values and can be effectively used in future studies focusing on other therapeutic and industrial properties [ 59 , 60 ].
Similar studies were also conducted for the antioxidant properties of Arctium lappa Linn for its active oxygen removal and free radical potential. Water produced the largest amount of extract that showed the strongest antioxidant activity, among all the solvents used in extraction [ 61 ].
This study is also in accordance with the previous study where 16 plants selected in Yemen were studied for their potential antioxidant properties and phytotoxic activities. Two different solvents methanol and hot water were used to extract the dried plant samples and to produce 34 raw extracts.
Different types of compounds such as flavonoids, terpenoids, and others were found in phytochemical examination that may be responsible for the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities [ 62 , 63 ]. The potential antioxidant effects in shoot extracts of Asparagus cochininensis Lour. The plant extract was characterized by strong antioxidant ability in vivo and in vitro and can be used to reduce the radicals in the body and thus prevent aging [ 64 ].
Similar findings were also observed for the antioxidant capacities and phenolic compounds identification of Astragali complanate that was performed by ultrasonic extraction. The antioxidant capacity was measured by using DPPH test and the TPC was estimated through Folin—Ciocalteu assay [ 65 ].
So, findings of our study are strongly supported by earlier studies and are correlated to abovementioned studies. The presence of phenolic and flavonoid contents in our studied plant extracts are responsible for antioxidant and scavenging effects to free radicals and effective to treat the diseases caused due to accumulation of ROS and free radicals in the body.
In this research the composition and antioxidant potentials of about 40 medicinal plants were analyzed by using various assays. The medicinal plants were investigated in this experiment along with their used parts and traditional medicinal uses.
The free radical scavenging potential observed in these medicinal plant samples was because of the presence of some natural source such as phenol, flavonoid, or tannin contents. In this experiment, the free RSA of various medicinal plant samples was measured using different extracts depending upon the ability to eliminate the free radicals using synthetic DPPH.
The reactivity of different compounds with the stable free radicals was because of the odd number of electrons present in them.
The TPCs, TFCs and potential Antioxidant activities of about 40 traditionally used medicinal plants from Pakistan were analyzed by using various assays in this research. The medicinal plants investigated in this experiment along with their used parts and traditional medicinal uses are given in Table 1.
The total antioxidant potential of these medicinal plants was because of high amount of polyphenol and other phytochemical components found in them. The AEs showed almost similar and comparable results for all samples regarding free RSA compared to the ascorbic acid. These findings also indicated that all the tested medicinal plants samples are likely to possess significant levels of free RSA although comparatively less than standard ascorbic acid.
So, this research suggested that all medicinal plants and particularly ES, EP, and EB possess a significant antioxidant potential and can be efficiently applied as an important antioxidant source for the treatment and inhibition of widely spreading oxidative stress related degenerative diseases like cancer, cardiovascular and inflammatory joint disorders, atherosclerosis, dementia, diabetes, asthma, and eyes related degenerative diseases.
This study showed that EEs of ES plant possessed the highest radical scavenging potential followed by the EP and EB, resulting in significant antioxidant potential for these traditionally used medicinal plants as compared to the highest antioxidant activity of standard ascorbic acid in all three assays DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP.
Different levels of scavenging activity were focused for all extracts in all used assays like DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. The phenol and flavonoid contents from these plants were observed as a potential source of natural antioxidants which can be efficiently used in the inhibition of oxidative stress associated diseases.
This research may also lead to additional investigation of other specific compounds in various medicinal plants and their antioxidant potentials in vivo using various antioxidant assays. Thus, from these findings, it was concluded that the ES, EP, and EB medicinal plants are important source of natural antioxidants like phenols, flavonoids, tannins etc.
This research work is a part of the PhD thesis of Mr. Syed Anis Ali Jafri. The authors are highly thankful to Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan, for providing facilities to conduct this research.
Parts of research facilities provided by International Islamic University, Islamabad IIUI during this research are also acknowledged. The authors also acknowledged Dr Michael P. Timko at Department of Biology, University of Virginia, USA for giving an opportunity to conduct research in his Laboratory for this research, as well as the Higher Education Commission HEC , Pakistan for their financial support International Research Support Initiative Program which gave me a golden opportunity to do this wonderful project at a well-reputed and well-equipped laboratory at UVA, USA.
Author contributions: Study design was contributed by Anis Ali Syed and Dr Zafar Mahmood Khalid. Write up of manuscript was contributed by Anis Ali and Dr NaqeebUllah Jogezai. Muhammad Zakryya Khan, and Anis Ali Syed. The final draft was approved by all the authors.
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Download article PDF. Cite this Share this. Abstract The antioxidant potential of various extracts was evaluated using different antioxidant assays such as 1,1-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl DPPH assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power FRAP assay, and 2,2-azinobis-ethylbenzothiozolinesulphonic acid ABTS using UV spectrophotometer.
Graphical abstract Graphical presentation of whole experimental process. Keywords: reactive oxygen species ; antioxidant potential ; free radicals and medicinal plants. Table 1. Traditionally used medicinal plants collected from Himalayan regions of Pakistan.
Table 2. Table 3. Table 4. Phytochemical screening of different medicinal plants. Table 5. Table 6. Table 7. Acknowledgements This research work is a part of the PhD thesis of Mr.
Received: Revised: Accepted: Published Online: This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.
Cite this article. MLA APA Harvard Chicago Vancouver. Jafri, Syed Anis Ali, Khalid, Zafar Mahmood, Khan, Muhammad Zakryya and Jogezai, NaqeebUllah. Jafri, S. Evaluation of phytochemical and antioxidant potential of various extracts from traditionally used medicinal plants of Pakistan.
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doi: Plants are a rich Mushroom Bioactive Compounds of bio-functional phytochemicals. The present study was designed to Antiosidant the Hdrbal extracts of selected plants for their phytochemicals, antioxidant activity, urease and acetylcholine esterase AChE inhibitory potential. Crude methanol extracts of selected ethnopharmacological plants were prepared by a simple maceration procedure. Antioxidant assays, total phenolic and total flavonoid content were determined using colorimetric methods.Antioxidant potential of herbal extracts -
Subsequently, the mixture was cooled and the absorbance was measured at nm using a microplate reader OPTI Max , Tunable Microplate Reader; wavelength range — nm; for well plates. The acetylcholine esterase inhibition activity of all extracts was carried out according to a standard procedure.
The increasing concentration of extract samples 10 µL was added to the assay solution and pre-incubated for 30 minutes at 4 °C. The absorbance of the assay mixture was then recorded at nm. For blanks, all components and conditions were kept the same except for the use of acetylcholine esterase.
The assay measurements were carried out using a micro plate reader OptiMax, Tunable. The reaction rates were compared and the percent inhibition due to the presence of test inhibitors was calculated. Neostigmine methylsulfate was used as a reference inhibitor.
The experiment was repeated three times for each concentration. The urease inhibitory activity was determined by measuring the amount of ammonia produced by the indophenols method, as described by Phull et al.
Assay mixtures were left for 20 minutes at room temperature. The absorbance at nm was then measured using a microplate reader OPTI Max , Tunable Micro plate Reader; wavelength range — nm; for well plates. Thiourea was used as the standard inhibitor of urease. The experiment was performed three times and the percentage inhibition was calculated using the following formula, where Ab of sample and Ab of control denote the absorbance in the presence and absence of sample, respectively.
The GraphPad Prism version 5. The selected Korean medicinal plants are summarized in Table 1. Medicinal plants species investigated in this study for various biological activities.
All the medicinal plants showed positive results for the presence of alkaloids, while most of the plants were positive for saponin, glycosides and terpenoids. The presence of phytochemicals in each extract is depicted in Table 2.
Notes: TPC: Total phenolic content; TFC: Total flavonoid content; Alk. The total phenolic content TPC of the medicinal plants are presented in Table 2. Varied content was observed in all plant extracts and ranged from The highest TPC was recorded for Coruns officinalis By contrast, P.
tricuspidata has exhibited the lowest phenolic content The total flavonoid content TFC ranged from 9. The highest TFC was recorded for Prunus armeniaca 60 ± 0. On the other hand, Rhododendron schlippenbachii maxim 9.
All plants showed antioxidant activity ranging from Thereafter, the extract of M. kobus, P. tricuspidata revealed IC 50 values of The other two extracts of F. koreana and Z. Furthermore, varied contents of the AAE were observed, ranging from The total alkaloid content TAC of the medicinal plants is depicted in Figure 2.
The highest TAC was observed for F. koreana The TAC of the crude methanolic extracts was measured spectrophotometrically using the phosphomolybdenum method. The present study demonstrated that most plants exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity for phosphomolybdate reduction.
All plant extracts were assessed for their acetylcholine esterase inhibitory potential, the results of which are depicted in Figure 3. All the extracts showed a strong inhibitory effect except for R. schlippenbachii maxim. The highest percent inhibitory effect was observed for P.
distichum nakai 89 ± 3. coreana 85 ± 2. distichumnakai , P. coreana and P. mume were found to be the most active among all the tested plants and exhibited IC 50 values of However, certain medicinal plants exhibited very low inhibitory potential.
The lowest inhibitory effect was observed for P. armeniaca 3 ± 0. palmatum thumb 5 ± 0. turbinate 7 ± 0. The results for urease inhibitory potential are depicted in Figure 4.
The results demonstrate that P. suffruticosa , P. serrulata , P. mume , P. tricuspidata and Z. Furthermore, G. Plants provide a generous source of valuable bioactive and pharmacological substances. Secondary metabolites such as phytochemicals are found in the plant kingdom, and are being used as a nutritional source, but also act as antioxidants and provide protection against various disorders.
Various medicinal agents have been reported from nature to cure and prevent various ailments. As shown in Table 1 , almost all medicinal plants examined in this work tested positive in our qualitative analysis of phytochemicals alkaloids, saponins, glycosides and triterneoids.
There was some variation in the metabolites observed in each extract and may be attributed to the habitat and genetic makeup of specific plant species.
Phenolic compounds are also considered secondary metabolites and are derived from phenylalanine and tyrosine, which occur universally in plants. A significant variation of TFC was observed across the medicinal plants investigated here.
Recent studies have shown that many flavonoids and related polyphenols contribute significantly to the phosphomolybdate scavenging activity of medicinal plants. Antioxidant activities of the extracts were correlated with phenolic and flavonoids, as observed with simple linear regression analysis, with the correlations varying among both assays.
A relative correlation was found for the total antioxidant assay, as well as the phenolic and flavonoids content, implicating their involvement in antioxidant activities. A study carried out by Li and others 30 supports our findings regarding the slight correlation between DPPH activity and TFC.
The nature of the plant and the mechanism of the assay determines the correlation among bioassays and bioactive compounds. Some plants showed higher antioxidant activities, but also exhibited lower phenolic and flavonoid content.
This phenomenon might be due to the involvement of other secondary metabolites in antioxidant assays. Acetylcholine esterase and urease inhibitory assay results showed the significant inhibitory potential of plant extracts.
Acetylcholine esterase has a major role in cholinergic synapses and at low substrate concentrations, acetylcholine esterase accelerates the hydrolysis of acetylcholine. These disorders cause memory deterioration and the decline of other cognitive functions.
Urease is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea to ammonia and carbamate. Significant increases in pH lead to negative effects of urease activity in humans which often arise from gastrointestinal and urinary tract infections. Medicinal plants are some of the important natural sources of useful active constituents, and various medicinal plants can be used in drugs used to treat specific diseases.
Being of natural origin, these substances can be used to isolate bioactive constituents and to design compounds that have lower side effects.
Plants have a long history of use in the treatment of various ailments, and have been reported to be biologically active and contain a variety of bioactive constituents. In the present study, as a preliminary approach, twenty plant extracts were investigated for their phytochemical content, and then antioxidant, and urease and AChE enzyme inhibitory potential.
It is important to mention that the chemical and quantitative analysis carried out was applied to general groups such as total phenolics. Furthermore, the activity of extracts generally depends on the collective chemical function of the various chemical constituents. Therefore, it is necessary for researchers to probe further into the chemical constituents of these extracts.
Such a process will involve both a qualitative approach using sophisticated techniques like GC-MS to identify active compounds, and bio-guided quantitative approaches to isolate active constituents, and characterize and explore the mechanism of action.
The current study investigates the medicinal importance of selected plants and the effective use of the extracts. Methanolic extract from various plant species was explored for antioxidant, phytochemical and enzyme inhibition capacities.
Significant antioxidant potential may be attributed to the phenolic and flavonoid constituents of these extracts. Specifically, that of M.
kobus , P. tricuspidata , F. koreana showed promising antioxidant activity. Among all samples investigated, G.
mume exhibited remarkable enzyme inhibitory potential when assessed against urease and AChE enzymes, respectively.
This result indicates significant promise for pharmacological applications. Mol Nutr Food Res — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar.
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The investigations were financially supported by a statutory research, Grant No. Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gen. Hallera , , Gdansk, Poland. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar.
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Download PDF. Abstract Herbs used for medical purposes are required to meet high pharmacopoeial quality standards, whereas spices used as additives to dishes and food products do not have to meet such rigorous standards. Phenolic production and antioxidant properties of some Macedonian medicinal plants Article 15 August Antioxidant Activity and Profile of Phenolic Compounds in Selected Herbal Plants Article Open access 02 July Comprehensive study on the antioxidant capacity and phenolic profiles of black seed and other spices and herbs: effect of solvent and time of extraction Article Open access 26 June Use our pre-submission checklist Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Introduction The human body possesses innate defense mechanisms, such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, glutathione, ubiquinone and uric acid, to neutralize free radicals in the form of endogenous antioxidants [ 1 , 2 ].
Materials and Methods Plant Material A set of 21 samples consisting of 10 medicinal herbs and 11 spices, all of which were obtained in powdered form, was used for analysis.
Table 1 Total phenolic contents TPC and total antioxidant capacity for methanolic and water extracts of herbs and spices determined using DPPH test TAC DPPH and FRAP test TAC FRAP Full size table. Results and Discussion Previous studies Table 1 , Supplementary Materials have confirmed that medicinal herbs and spices are abundant in essential oils and phenolic compounds, such as phenolic acids, flavonoids and flavonoid derivatives.
Full size image. Conclusions This study shows that the majority of medicinal herbs and spices have similar TPC and TAC levels. Abbreviations DPPH: 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl FRAP: ferric reducing antioxidant power TAC: total antioxidant capacity TPC: total phenolic content. References Surveswaran S, Cai Y, Corke H, Sun M Systematic evaluation of natural phenolic antioxidants from Indian medicinal plants.
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Copyright: © Nutrition for endurance athletes et al. Antioxidant potential of herbal extracts potrntial an open access article Anioxidant under xetracts terms Antioxidxnt Creative Commons Attribution Antiozidant. Medicinal plants Non-GMO products attained a commanding role in the global health yerbal system Antioxieant sources of various phytochemicals, several of Mushroom Bioactive Compounds possess potent antioxidant pltential. Antioxidant potential of herbal extracts, for the past 3, years, the Antioxidant potential of herbal extracts principles of the active compounds of medicinal herbs have established their importance in health practices in traditional medicine in China, India and Africa, which has been ascertained as such by Western standards. During the period between~ plant-based drugs were introduced to the US drug market, including vincristine, a plant alkaloid, composing a chemotherapy medication used as a treatment for several types of cancer 4. Natural products offer a plethora of advantages to the drug development process compared to conventional synthetic compounds. To begin with, natural products can be found in high abundance in nature, allowing scientists to yield almost endless quantities of these. The antioxidant potential Antioxidant potential of herbal extracts various extarcts was Antioxidant potential of herbal extracts using different In-game resource recharger assays such as 1,1-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl DPPH assay, ferric reducing antioxidant extrcts FRAP potetial, and 2,2-azinobis-ethylbenzothiozolinesulphonic acid ABTS using UV spectrophotometer. The highest absorbance was observed in ethanolic extracts EEs of Euphrasia stricta The EEs of Euphorbia platyphyllos L. showed the antioxidant activity of So, this research suggested that these medicinal plants possess a significant antioxidant potential and are important source of natural antioxidants and can be effectively used in treating oxidative stress disorders.
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