Article Contents 1. Antiviral activity of herbal medicine against selected viruses. Marine herbs and antiviral activities. The common class of antiviral compounds present in medicinal plants. The effect of synergetic combination of medicinal plants in the potency of antiviral activity against selected viruses.

Aspects of synergetic combination of medicinal plants with orthodox drugs for alleviating viral infection. Future prospects. Journal Article. Novel antiviral agents: a medicinal plant perspective.

Jassim , S. Department of Microbiology, Zayed Complex for Herbal Research and Traditional Medicine, General Authority for Health Services of Emirate of Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE. Sabah A. Oxford Academic.

Google Scholar. Revision received:. Cite Cite S. Select Format Select format. ris Mendeley, Papers, Zotero. enw EndNote. bibtex BibTex. txt Medlars, RefWorks Download citation.

Permissions Icon Permissions. Close Navbar Search Filter Journal of Applied Microbiology This issue Applied Microbiology International Journals Microbiology Books Journals Oxford Academic Enter search term Search. Summary Several hundred plant and herb species that have potential as novel antiviral agents have been studied, with surprisingly little overlap.

Issue Section:. You do not currently have access to this article. Download all slides. Sign in Get help with access. Society for Applied Microbiology members Sign in through society site.

Get help with access Institutional access Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways: IP based access Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses.

Sign in through your institution Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Click Sign in through your institution. Select your institution from the list provided, which will take you to your institution's website to sign in.

When on the institution site, please use the credentials provided by your institution. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic. Since December the world is suffering from Coronavirus disease COVID with more than million people infected and more than 4, , deaths as of August 4, World Health Organization, The use of natural medicinal agents dates back to human prehistory where plants formed the basis of traditional medicine TM systems.

Traditional medicine refers to health practices, approaches, knowledge, and beliefs incorporating plant, animal, and mineral-based medicines, spiritual therapies, manual techniques, and exercises which are applied singularly or in combination to treat or to diagnose and prevent illnesses or maintain well-being World Health Assembly, The availability and affordability of the TM aligned with inherited knowledge of the practice in local communities might have contributed to their wide use Fennell et al.

Several herbal medicines have been used to treat viral infections traditionally for a long time. Some studies have reported the inhibitory effect of medicinal plant extracts against several viruses.

Some of these studies were conducted on HIV, herpes simplex virus, hepatitis B virus, and poliovirus. For example, ethnobotanical studies in Africa described the treatment of viral hepatitis with traditional medicine in Africa Vlietinck et al.

Furthermore, plants have been reported to have antiviral potential against conventional medicine-resistant strains of viruses Serkedjieva, Nine traditional Chinese botanicals were optimized to treat the symptoms of SARS during its outbreak Zhang et al.

In another study, small molecules from natural compounds have been screened and confirmed to inhibit important proteins in SARS or MERS coronavirus Zhang et al. Despite having lots of endemic knowledge and practice on African herbal medicine, there is a paucity of scientific evidence on their efficacy and safety.

This study aimed to summarize the evidence on antiviral medicinal plants in Africa which could potentially be further studied for COVID treatment.

This review was conducted using database searches and followed statements for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Liberati et al. No language limitations were applied to reduce selection bias and Google was used to translate articles published in other languages than English.

We included original research articles and unpublished dissertations from their inception to EndNote reference manager was used to remove the duplications of references before screening. Either in vitro studies or in vivo studies or clinical trials of herbal medicine on African medicinal plants were included.

Studies were eligible for inclusion if they were conducted to determine antiviral activities using available scientific methods and conducted on medicinal plants in Africa. Studies conducted on medicinal plants outside of Africa were excluded from the study.

Review articles and ethnobotanical studies were also excluded. Eligibility assessment was conducted by TB and SD independently and disagreement between authors was resolved by discussion. In this study publications were retrieved of which 36 Ferrea et al. FIGURE 1. Flow diagram of included studies.

Legend: The PRIMSA diagram details our search and selection process applied during the review. Three hundred and twenty-eight plants were screened for antiviral activities of which tested showed activities against 25 viral species; Among these were Poliovirus 42 plants , HSV 34 plants , Coxsackievirus 16 plants , Rhinovirus 14plants , Influenza 12 plants , Astrovirus 11 plants , SARS-CoV-2 10 plants , HIV 10 plants , Echovirus 8 plants , Parvovirus 6 plants, Semiliki forest virus 5 plants , Measles virus 5 plants , Hepatitis virus 3 plants , Canine distemper virus 3 plants , Zika virus 2 plants , Vesicular stomatitis virus T2 2 plants.

Feline herpes virus FHV-1 , Enterovirus, Dengue virus, Ebola virus, Chikungunya virus, Yellow fever virus, Respiratory syncytial virus, Rift Valley fever virus, Human cytomegalovirus each showed sensitivities to one plant Tables 1 — 4.

Isolated compounds were also identified and their activities outlined, namely alkaloids combretine and betonicine from Combretum micrantum Ferrea et al. Linearis Nakano et al. frutescens Bessong et al. TABLE 2. Antiviral activity of African medicinal plants against Influenza virus. TABLE 3. Antiviral activity of African medicinal plants against Herpes simplex virus.

TABLE 4. Antiviral activity of African medicinal plants against poliovirus, astrovirus, coxsackievirus, Rift Valley fever virus, zika virus, measle, echovirus, yellow fiver virus, parvovirus, chikungunya virus, cytomegalovirus, CDV.

This study summarized the antiviral activities of African medicinal plants. Forty two African medicinal plants showed noteworthy activities against poliovirus and twenty four against HSV.

Recently, 10 African medicinal plants from Morocco showed noteworthy activities against SARS-CoV-2 However, there is no currently available published study on Africa medicinal plants demonstrating clinical effectiveness.

In contrast, China has developed several Chinese herbal medicines CHM and produced numerous clinical studies and publications. There is a daring absence of published studies on herbal medicine use in Africa in comparison to the actual magnitude of its practice.

Many Africans are using one or another type of African traditional medicine either for prevention or treatment of COVID For example, Madagascar produced an herbal drink from Artemisia annua called COVID Organics which was even exported abroad Cambaza, The anecdotal use of this product resulted in exaggerated claims of their efficacies that are not evidence-based.

This calls for the urgent need for further research on this as well as all other herbal formulations on their efficacy through randomized controlled trials and identify their active ingredients, develop proven formulations and dosing protocols, and define pharmacokinetics, toxicology, and safety to enable drug development.

Derivatives from the herb Artemisia annua have been used for the treatment of fevers, malaria, and respiratory tract infections. The WHO has offered to support the design of a study to assess the efficacy, safety, and dosage formulation of herbal formulations that may be useful against COVID Muhammad, The WHO is currently helping the validation of some traditional medicine through clinical trials for the treatment of COVID Tih, Studies on TM use for COVID produced many publications of which four were systematic reviews and meta-analyses entirely based on CHM Liu et al.

Traditional medicine is being used to control coronavirus alone or in a combination with western medicine. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials included seven randomized controlled trials and compared combined therapy of herbal medicine with Western medicine and western medicine alone Ang et al.

The other study which included 12 randomized controlled trials and one quasi-RCT with A total of SARS-CoV-2 patients and 12 Chinese herbs did not indicate a significant difference in Chinese herbs combined with Western medicines versus Western medicines alone Liu et al.

A recent review conducted by Attah et al. The medicinal plants listed targeted SARS-Cov-2 3CLpro and ACE2. An in silico screening was conducted on 62 alkaloids and terpenoids from African medicinal plants against coronavirus 3-chymotrypsin-like protease 3CL pro , a highly defined hit-list of seven compounds.

Furthermore, four nontoxic, druggable plant-derived alkaloids and terpenoids that bind to the receptor-binding site and catalytic dyad of SARS-CoV-2 3CL pro were identified. More than half of the selected top 20 alkaloids and terpenoids had a binding affinity for the 3CL pro of the SARS-coronaviruses that surpassed reference inhibitors.

The 6-oxoisoiguesterin from Bisnorterpenes had the highest binding affinity to the 3CL pro of SARS-CoV-2 while epi-isoiguesterinol from Bisnorterpenes, isoiguesterin from Bisnorterpenes, epibryonolic acid from Cogniauxia podolaena was the top docked compounds to 3CL pro of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.

The study revealed that natural agents from the alkaloids and terpenoids class of compounds are capable of inhibiting the 3CL pro with a high inhibitory pattern to both SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV Gyebi et al. Moreover, 67 compounds from Moroccan aromatic and medicinal plants were tested by molecular docking, of which 11 molecules showed good interaction with the studied enzyme [ Coronavirus nCoV main protease] and three molecules Crocin, Digitoxigenin, b-Eudesmol had shown better interaction Coronavirus nCoV main protease Aanouz et al.

Crocin, a compound from Crocus Sativus , inhibited the replication of HSV Soleymani et al. Digitoxigenin is a compound from Nerium oleander and studied for its antiviral and anticancer activity Boff et al. Β-Eudesmol was extracted from Lauris nobilis has significant antiviral activity Astani et al.

Medicinal plants target viruses through various mechanisms. The components could also target cathepsin, collagenase, and another matrix metalloproteinase King, ; Homsy et al. Baicalin from Scutellariae Radix , a natural product from the plant, acts on chemokine receptors and inhibits the entry of HIV Kitamura et al.

The N-butanol fraction of Bredelia micrantha showed reverse transcriptase inhibition activity. Terpenes showed an inhibitory effect against the protease enzyme Hussein et al.

There are different targets for HIV drug developments. One is the viral envelope which plays a major role in infecting a cell by interacting with CD4 and chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR4. CV-N and Baicalin is a natural product from a plant source that acts on chemokine receptors and inhibits the entry of HIV Kitamura et al.

The reverse transcriptase enzyme is also a target for drug development. The study comparing organic solvent and an aqueous fraction of various medicinal plants, and the n -butanol fraction of Bredelia micrantha showed anti-reverse transcriptase activities.

Phytochemicals such as terpenes revealed inhibitory effects against protease enzyme; an important enzyme for proteolytic processing of polyprotein precursor into essential proteins for the assembly of virus particles Hussein et al. Croton megalobotrys is a plant species which showed the latent HIV-1 reversal activity.

Crude extractas of the plant was comparable with known LRA prostatin which induced HIV-1 in J-lat cells. From the fraction of the crude extract, two novel phorbol esters Namusha1 and 2 were identified. The previous study also showed that multiple phorbol esters had anti-HIV-1 activities El-Mekkawy et al.

Medicinal plants have been widely used to treat the hepatitis virus. These were aqueous extracts from Carissa edulis Apocynaceae , Prunus africana Kalkman Rosaceae and the methanol extract from Acacia mellifera Benth Fabaceae.

Extracts of C. edulis exhibited the highest activity; an over africana and A. Further confirmation of the activity of these plants using the quantitative real-time PCR technique showed the aqueous extract of C.

edulis and the methanol extract of A. mellifera exhibited sustained activity over a range of plant extract concentrations from The evaluation of the EC 50 the two plant extracts exhibiting notable anti—HBV activity using this technique yielded; C.

mellifera was Influenza virus infection remains a major health problem for animals and humans. Medicinal plants are becoming increasingly popular and included in primary health care in different parts of the world. A study conducted on methanol, ethanol, acetone, hot and cold aqueous extract of five plants Pittosporum viridiflorum , Cussonia spicata , Rapanea melanophloeos , Tabernaemontana ventricosa , Clerodendrum glabrum against influenza A virus exhibited antiviral effect.

Ethiopian medicinal plants like Acokanthera schimperi , Euclea schimperi , leaf extracts of Inula confertiflora prevent influenza A virus replication and those of Melilotus elegans were active against influenza A virus Gebre-Mariam et al.

It is usually managed by antiviral drugs such as a nucleoside analog acyclovir. However, resistance to ACV has been reported mainly among immunocompromised patients Morfin and Thouvenot, Medicinal plants have been considered as an alternative for the development of a new drug to overcome the resistance to the modern drug.

The study was conducted on an aqueous extract from the root bark of Carissa edulis Apocynaceae has shown significant anti-HSV activity in vitro and in vivo Omino and Kokwaro, The extracts from four plants; Lannea schweinfurthii , Combretum adenogonium , Ficus sycomorus , and Terminalia mollis showed strong antiviral activity against Herpes Simplex Virus type 1.

Out of 42 Egyptian medicinal plants, Ephedra alata and Moringa peregrina are found to have antiviral activity against HSV. Also, the results revealed that Capparis sinaica , Tamarix nilotica , and Cyperus rotundus are found to have a virucidal effect against HSV Soltan and Zaki, The current study is only a preliminary study where some studies reported naively.

As all studies in vitro possible dose range, duration of action and in vivo pharmacodynamics properties cannot be established. It is imperative therefore that research on currently available African medicinal plants be highly recommended. PO, AW, and CT conceived the idea.

TB, SD, AM, NT, NA, and BL extracted data and critically reviewed the primary studies. TB and SD analyzed the data and wrote the first draft of the manuscript.

All authors reviewed and approved the manuscript. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers.

Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

The authors would like to acknowledge Ambo University, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, and Hawassa University for their support of this article through providing access to the internet and databases for the review. Aanouz, I. Moroccan Medicinal Plants as Inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease: Computational Investigations.

CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Abera, B. Medicinal Plants Used in Traditional Medicine by Oromo People, Ghimbi District, Southwest Ethiopia. Preparation and evaluation of self-microemulsifying drug delivery system of baicalein. Lai F, Franceschini I, Corrias F, Sala MC, Cilurzo F, Sinico C, et al.

Maltodextrin fast dissolving films for quercetin nanocrystal delivery. A feasibility study. Aluani D, Tzankova V, Kondeva-Burdina M, Yordanov Y, Nikolova E, Odzhakov F, et al. Capital IE, Cyrillic valuation of biocompatibility and antioxidant efficiency of chitosan-alginate nanoparticles loaded with quercetin.

Int J Biol Macromol. Anwer MK, Al-Mansoor MA, Jamil S, Al-Shdefat R, Ansari MN, Shakeel F. Development and evaluation of PLGA polymer based nanoparticles of quercetin.

Bagad M, Khan ZA. Poly n-butylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles for oral delivery of quercetin: preparation, characterization, and pharmacokinetics and biodistribution studies in Wistar rats.

Barbosa AI, Costa Lima SA, Reis S. Sedaghat Doost A, Kassozi V, Grootaert C, Claeys M, Dewettinck K, Van Camp J, et al. Self-assembly, functionality, and in-vitro properties of quercetin loaded nanoparticles based on shellac-almond gum biological macromolecules.

Riva A, Ronchi M, Petrangolini G, Bosisio S, Allegrini P. Improved oral absorption of quercetin from quercetin phytosome R , a new delivery system based on food grade lecithin. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet.

Rodriguez EB, Almeda RA, Vidallon MLP, Reyes CT. Enhanced bioactivity and efficient delivery of quercetin through nanoliposomal encapsulation using rice bran phospholipids.

J Sci Food Agric. Lu Z, Bu C, Hu W, Zhang H, Liu M, Lu M, et al. Preparation and in vitro and in vivo evaluation of quercetin-loaded mixed micelles for oral delivery. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. Lv L, Liu C, Li Z, Song F, Li G, Huang X. Pharmacokinetics of quercetin-loaded methoxy poly ethylene glycol -b-poly L-lactic acid micelle after oral administration in rats.

Biomed Res Int. Ahmad N, Ahmad R, Naqvi AA, Alam MA, Abdur Rub R, Ahmad FJ. Enhancement of quercetin oral bioavailability by self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system and their quantification through ultra high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry in cerebral ischemia.

Drug Res Stuttg. Tran TH, Guo Y, Song D, Bruno RS, Lu X. Quercetin-containing self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system for improving oral bioavailability. J Pharm Sci. Hadrich G, Monteiro SO, Rodrigues MR, de Lima VR, Putaux JL, Bidone J, et al.

Lipid-based nanocarrier for quercetin delivery: system characterization and molecular interactions studies. Kumar P, Sharma G, Kumar R, Singh B, Malik R, Katare OP, et al. Promises of a biocompatible nanocarrier in improved brain delivery of quercetin: biochemical, pharmacokinetic and biodistribution evidences.

Hadrich G, Vaz GR, Maidana M, Kratz JM, Loch-Neckel G, Favarin DC, et al. Anti-inflammatory effect and toxicology analysis of oral delivery quercetin nanosized emulsion in rats.

Sun M, Gao Y, Pei Y, Guo C, Li H, Cao F, et al. Development of nanosuspension formulation for oral delivery of quercetin. J Biomed Nanotechnol.

Zhou W, Tan X, Shan J, Liu T, Cai B, Di L. Effect of chito-oligosaccharide on the intestinal absorptions of phenylethanoid glycosides in Fructus Forsythiae extract. Zhou W, Yin A, Shan J, Wang S, Cai B, Di L. Study on the rationality for antiviral activity of Flos Lonicerae japonicae-fructus Forsythiae herb chito-oligosaccharide via Integral Pharmacokinetics.

Sermkaew N, Ketjinda W, Boonme P, Phadoongsombut N, Wiwattanapatapee R. Liquid and solid self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems for improving the oral bioavailability of andrographolide from a crude extract of Andrographis paniculata.

Jiang Y, Wang F, Xu H, Liu H, Meng Q, Liu W. Development of andrographolide loaded PLGA microspheres: optimization, characterization and in vitro-in vivo correlation. Qiao H, Chen L, Rui T, Wang J, Chen T, Fu T, et al.

Xu J, Ma Y, Xie Y, Chen Y, Liu Y, Yue P, et al. Design and evaluation of novel solid self-nanodispersion delivery system for andrographolide. AAPS PharmSciTech.

Yang T, Sheng HH, Feng NP, Wei H, Wang ZT, Wang CH. Preparation of andrographolide-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles and their in vitro and in vivo evaluations: characteristics, release, absorption, transports, pharmacokinetics, and antihyperlipidemic activity.

Ren K, Zhang Z, Li Y, Liu J, Zhao D, Zhao Y, et al. Physicochemical characteristics and oral bioavailability of andrographolide complexed with hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin.

Akbar MU, Zia KM, Nazir A, Iqbal J, Ejaz SA, Akash MSH. Pluronic-based mixed polymeric micelles enhance the therapeutic potential of curcumin. Duan Y, Zhang B, Chu L, Tong HH, Liu W, Zhai G. Ramalingam P, Ko YT. Enhanced oral delivery of curcumin from N-trimethyl chitosan surface-modified solid lipid nanoparticles: pharmacokinetic and brain distribution evaluations.

Sorasitthiyanukarn FN, Ratnatilaka Na Bhuket P, Muangnoi C, Rojsitthisak P, Rojsitthisak P. Hou Y, Wang H, Zhang F, Sun F, Xin M, Li M, et al.

Novel self-nanomicellizing solid dispersion based on rebaudioside A: a potential nanoplatform for oral delivery of curcumin. Wang R, Han J, Jiang A, Huang R, Fu T, Wang L, et al. Involvement of metabolism-permeability in enhancing the oral bioavailability of curcumin in excipient-free solid dispersions co-formed with piperine.

Nazari-Vanani R, Moezi L, Heli H. In vivo evaluation of a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system for curcumin. Jaisamut P, Wiwattanawongsa K, Graidist P, Sangsen Y, Wiwattanapatapee R. Enhanced oral bioavailability of curcumin using a supersaturatable self-microemulsifying system incorporating a hydrophilic polymer; in vitro and in vivo investigations.

Tian C, Asghar S, Wu Y, Chen Z, Jin X, Yin L, et al. Improving intestinal absorption and oral bioavailability of curcumin via taurocholic acid-modified nanostructured lipid carriers. Kheiri Manjili H, Ghasemi P, Malvandi H, Mousavi MS, Attari E, Danafar H. Pharmacokinetics and in vivo delivery of curcumin by copolymeric mPEG-PCL micelles.

Eur J Pharm Biopharm. Aqil F, Munagala R, Jeyabalan J, Agrawal AK, Gupta R. Exosomes for the enhanced tissue bioavailability and efficacy of curcumin. AAPS J. Khan AW, Kotta S, Ansari SH, Sharma RK, Ali J.

Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system SNEDDS of the poorly water-soluble grapefruit flavonoid Naringenin: design, characterization, in vitro and in vivo evaluation.

Enhanced dissolution and bioavailability of grapefruit flavonoid Naringenin by solid dispersion utilizing fourth generation carrier. Chaurasia S, Patel RR, Vure P, Mishra B. Potential of cationic-polymeric nanoparticles for oral delivery of naringenin: in vitro and in vivo investigations.

Ji P, Yu T, Liu Y, Jiang J, Xu J, Zhao Y, et al. Naringenin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: preparation, controlled delivery, cellular uptake, and pulmonary pharmacokinetics. Drug Des Devel Ther. Wang Y, Wang S, Firempong CK, Zhang H, Wang M, Zhang Y, et al.

Enhanced solubility and bioavailability of naringenin via liposomal nanoformulation: preparation and in vitro and in vivo evaluations. Gera S, Talluri S, Rangaraj N, Sampathi S. Formulation and evaluation of naringenin nanosuspensions for bioavailability enhancement.

Singh MK, Pooja D, Ravuri HG, Gunukula A, Kulhari H, Sistla R. Fabrication of surfactant-stabilized nanosuspension of naringenin to surpass its poor physiochemical properties and low oral bioavailability.

Shulman M, Cohen M, Soto-Gutierrez A, Yagi H, Wang H, Goldwasser J, et al. Enhancement of naringenin bioavailability by complexation with hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin.

Xu C, Tang Y, Hu W, Tian R, Jia Y, Deng P, et al. Investigation of inclusion complex of honokiol with sulfobutyl ether-beta-cyclodextrin.

Qiu N, Cai LL, Xie D, Wang G, Wu W, Zhang Y, et al. Synthesis, structural and in vitro studies of well-dispersed monomethoxy-poly ethylene glycol -honokiol conjugate micelles.

Biomed Mater. Gou M, Zheng L, Peng X, Men K, Zheng X, Zeng S, et al. Poly epsilon-caprolactone -poly ethylene glycol -poly epsilon-caprolactone PCL-PEG-PCL nanoparticles for honokiol delivery in vitro. Yang R, Huang X, Dou J, Zhai G, Su L.

Self-microemulsifying drug delivery system for improved oral bioavailability of oleanolic acid: design and evaluation. Xia X, Liu H, Lv H, Zhang J, Zhou J, Zhao Z. Li W, Das S, Ng KY, Heng PW. Formulation, biological and pharmacokinetic studies of sucrose ester-stabilized nanosuspensions of oleanolic Acid.

Li W, Ng KY, Heng PW. Development and evaluation of optimized sucrose ester stabilized oleanolic acid nanosuspensions prepared by wet ball milling with design of experiments. Biol Pharm Bull. Xi J, Chang Q, Chan CK, Meng ZY, Wang GN, Sun JB, et al. Formulation development and bioavailability evaluation of a self-nanoemulsified drug delivery system of oleanolic acid.

Tian C, Asghar S, Wu Y, Kambere Amerigos D, Chen Z, Zhang M, et al. N-acetyl-L-cysteine functionalized nanostructured lipid carrier for improving oral bioavailability of curcumin: preparation, in vitro and in vivo evaluations. Pouton CW, Porter CJ. Formulation of lipid-based delivery systems for oral administration: materials, methods and strategies.

Adv Drug Deliv Rev. McClements DJ Advances in nanoparticle and microparticle delivery systems for increasing the dispersibility, stability, and bioactivity of phytochemicals.

Biotechnol Adv. Patel V, Lalani R, Bardoliwala D, Ghosh S, Misra A. Lipid-based oral formulation strategies for lipophilic drugs. Dahan A, Hoffman A.

The effect of different lipid based formulations on the oral absorption of lipophilic drugs: the ability of in vitro lipolysis and consecutive ex vivo intestinal permeability data to predict in vivo bioavailability in rats.

Rationalizing the selection of oral lipid based drug delivery systems by an in vitro dynamic lipolysis model for improved oral bioavailability of poorly water soluble drugs. J Control Release. Beig A, Agbaria R, Dahan A. The use of captisol SBE7-beta-CD in oral solubility-enabling formulations: comparison to HPbetaCD and the solubility-permeability interplay.

Beig A, Miller JM, Dahan A. The interaction of nifedipine with selected cyclodextrins and the subsequent solubility-permeability trade-off.

Miller JM, Dahan A. Predicting the solubility-permeability interplay when using cyclodextrins in solubility-enabling formulations: model validation. Amidon GE, Higuchi WI, Ho NF. Theoretical and experimental studies of transport of micelle-solubilized solutes.

Beig A, Miller JM, Lindley D, Dahan A. Striking the optimal solubility-permeability balance in oral formulation development for lipophilic drugs: maximizing Carbamazepine blood levels. Mol Pharm. Fine-Shamir N, Dahan A.

Methacrylate-copolymer Eudragit EPO as a solubility-enabling excipient for anionic drugs: investigation of drug solubility, intestinal permeability, and their interplay. Beig A, Lindley D, Miller JM, Agbaria R, Dahan A. Hydrotropic solubilization of lipophilic drugs for oral delivery: the effects of urea and nicotinamide on carbamazepine solubility-permeability interplay.

Front Pharmacol. Dahan A, Beig A, Lindley D, Miller JM. The solubility-permeability interplay and oral drug formulation design: two heads are better than one. Download references. Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, , Beer-Sheva, Israel.

You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Shimon Ben-Shabat or Arik Dahan. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Reprints and permissions. Ben-Shabat, S. et al. Antiviral effect of phytochemicals from medicinal plants: Applications and drug delivery strategies.

and Transl. Download citation. Published : 01 December Issue Date : April Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Download PDF. Abstract Viral infections affect three to five million patients annually. Graphical Abstract. Comprehensive review of antimicrobial activities of plant flavonoids Article Open access 06 October Argemone mexicana L.

Papaveraceae : chemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology Article 03 February Therapeutic application of Carica papaya leaf extract in the management of human diseases Article 05 May Use our pre-submission checklist Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.

Introduction Viral infections remain a major worldwide cause of morbidity and mortality. Full size image. Antiviral medicinal plants and phytochemicals Various plants have been used in medicine since ancient times and are known for their strong therapeutic effect.

Table 1 Antiviral properties of plant extracts Full size table. Delivery of herbal extracts and phytochemicals Introducing pharmaceutical nanotechnology into the field of natural medicine is useful and promising. Table 2 Summary of the different applied delivery systems for antiviral phytochemicals Full size table.

Conclusions Altogether, the evidence presented in this work supports the notion that medicinal plants have promising therapeutic potential, especially in the case of herb products against viral infections.

References Gasparini R, Amicizia D, Lai PL, Panatto D. Article PubMed Google Scholar Novakova L, Pavlik J, Chrenkova L, Martinec O, Cerveny L. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Soltan MM, Zaki AK.

Article PubMed Google Scholar Brijesh S, Daswani P, Tetali P, Antia N, Birdi T. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Moradi MT, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Karimi A. CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Goncalves JL, Lopes RC, Oliveira DB, Costa SS, Miranda MM, Romanos MT, et al.

Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Maregesi SM, Pieters L, Ngassapa OD, Apers S, Vingerhoets R, Cos P, et al. Article PubMed Google Scholar Karamese M, Aydogdu S, Karamese SA, Altoparlak U, Gundogdu C.

Article Google Scholar Lam SK, Ng TB. Article PubMed Google Scholar Callies O, Bedoya LM, Beltran M, Munoz A, Calderon PO, Osorio AA, et al. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Droebner K, Ehrhardt C, Poetter A, Ludwig S, Planz O.

Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Ehrhardt C, Hrincius ER, Korte V, Mazur I, Droebner K, Poetter A, et al. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Rebensburg S, Helfer M, Schneider M, Koppensteiner H, Eberle J, Schindler M, et al.

Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Xu HB, Ma YB, Huang XY, Geng CA, Wang H, Zhao Y, et al. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Vidal V, Potterat O, Louvel S, Hamy F, Mojarrab M, Sanglier JJ, et al. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Abad MJ, Guerra JA, Bermejo P, Irurzun A, Carrasco L.

Article CAS Google Scholar Gyuris A, Szlavik L, Minarovits J, Vasas A, Molnar J, Hohmann J. PubMed Google Scholar Yarmolinsky L, Huleihel M, Zaccai M, Ben-Shabat S.

Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Wang G, Wang H, Song Y, Jia C, Wang Z, Xu H. PubMed Google Scholar Lazreg Aref H, Gaaliche B, Fekih A, Mars M, Aouni M, Pierre Chaumon J, et al. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Asl Najjari AH, Rajabi Z, Vasfi Marandi M, Dehghan G.

PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Ashraf A, Ashraf MM, Rafiqe A, Aslam B, Galani S, Zafar S, et al. PubMed Google Scholar Alfajaro MM, Kim HJ, Park JG, Ryu EH, Kim JY, Jeong YJ, et al. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Szlavik L, Gyuris A, Minarovits J, Forgo P, Molnar J, Hohmann J.

Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Yarmolinsky L, Zaccai M, Ben-Shabat S, Mills D, Huleihel M. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Fang CY, Chen SJ, Wu HN, Ping YH, Lin CY, Shiuan D, et al.

Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Astani A, Reichling J, Schnitzler P. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Nolkemper S, Reichling J, Stintzing FC, Carle R, Schnitzler P. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Geuenich S, Goffinet C, Venzke S, Nolkemper S, Baumann I, Plinkert P, et al.

Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Parsania M, Rezaee MB, Monavari SH, Jaimand K, Mousavi-Jazayeri SM, Razazian M, et al. PubMed Google Scholar Choi JG, Jin YH, Lee H, Oh TW, Yim NH, Cho WK, et al.

Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Lv JJ, Yu S, Wang YF, Wang D, Zhu HT, Cheng RR, et al. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Lv JJ, Yu S, Xin Y, Cheng RR, Zhu HT, Wang D, et al.

Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Lv JJ, Wang YF, Zhang JM, Yu S, Wang D, Zhu HT, et al. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Oh C, Price J, Brindley MA, Widrlechner MP, Qu L, McCoy JA, et al. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Zhang X, Ao Z, Bello A, Ran X, Liu S, Wigle J, et al.

Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Karimi A, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Moradi MT, Alidadi S. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Karimi A, Moradi MT, Saeedi M, Asgari S, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Romero-Perez GA, Egashira M, Harada Y, Tsuruta T, Oda Y, Ueda F, et al.

Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Bedoya LM, Sanchez-Palomino S, Abad MJ, Bermejo P, Alcami J. Article CAS Google Scholar Javed T, Ashfaq UA, Riaz S, Rehman S, Riazuddin S.

Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Rehman S, Ijaz B, Fatima N, Muhammad SA, Riazuddin S. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar He W, Han H, Wang W, Gao B.

Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Soleimani Farsani M, Behbahani M, Isfahani HZ. PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Bedoya LM, Abad MJ, Sanchez-Palomino S, Alcami J, Bermejo P. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Dai JJ, Tao HM, Min QX, Zhu QH.

Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Arabzadeh AM, Ansari-Dogaheh M, Sharififar F, Shakibaie M, Heidarbeigi M. Article Google Scholar Ibrahim AK, Youssef AI, Arafa AS, Ahmed SA.

Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Orhan DD, Ozcelik B, Ozgen S, Ergun F. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Wu W, Li R, Li X, He J, Jiang S, Liu S, et al. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Ganesan S, Faris AN, Comstock AT, Wang Q, Nanua S, Hershenson MB, et al. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Zandi K, Teoh BT, Sam SS, Wong PF, Mustafa MR, Abubakar S.

Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Chiang LC, Chiang W, Liu MC, Lin CC. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Neznanov N, Kondratova A, Chumakov KM, Neznanova L, Kondratov R, Banerjee AK, et al.

Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Lee M, Son M, Ryu E, Shin YS, Kim JG, Kang BW, et al. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar dos Santos AE, Kuster RM, Yamamoto KA, Salles TS, Campos R, de Meneses MD, et al.

Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Johari J, Kianmehr A, Mustafa MR, Abubakar S, Zandi K. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Li YL, Li KM, Su MX, Leung KT, Chen YW, Zhang YW.

CAS PubMed Google Scholar Bachmetov L, Gal-Tanamy M, Shapira A, Vorobeychik M, Giterman-Galam T, Sathiyamoorthy P, et al. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Gonzalez O, Fontanes V, Raychaudhuri S, Loo R, Loo J, Arumugaswami V, et al. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Nakane H, Ono K.

Article CAS Google Scholar Park S, Kim JI, Lee I, Lee S, Hwang MW, Bae JY, et al. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Zhang W, Qiao H, Lv Y, Wang J, Chen X, Hou Y, et al. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Qian S, Fan W, Qian P, Zhang D, Wei Y, Chen H, et al. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Shibata C, Ohno M, Otsuka M, Kishikawa T, Goto K, Muroyama R, et al.

Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Hakobyan A, Arabyan E, Avetisyan A, Abroyan L, Hakobyan L, Zakaryan H. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Sithisarn P, Michaelis M, Schubert-Zsilavecz M, Cinatl J Jr.

Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Li X, Liu Y, Wu T, Jin Y, Cheng J, Wan C, et al. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Moghaddam E, Teoh BT, Sam SS, Lani R, Hassandarvish P, Chik Z, et al.