If you measuremnet interested in knowing more about skinfold Skinfold measurement for sports teams, having yourself assessed, slorts genrally interested in Fortify your immune system a strategic nutrition plan to support your training and lifestyle goals, contact our Sports Dietitian Kelsey Hutton, who will be happy to help. Snow, K. Medical Commission. Fitness profile in elite international senior male basketball players.

Skinfold measurement for sports teams -

The measurement of these skinfolds is necessary for the use of absolute predictive equations, described further ahead. The triceps skinfold site should be marked on the posterior surface of the arm , on the midline of the triceps muscle, halfway between the acromion and radius.

The skinfold should be picked up parallel to the long axis of the arm. The subject should be standing, with their arms relaxed along the torso. The tester should be behind the subject, on their right side. The location of the skinfold should be marked 2cm below the subscapular skinfold site by using an anthropometric tape , laterally and obliquely.

The biceps skinfold should be marked in the anterior surface of the arm , over the biceps, and halfway between the acromion and radius. The patient should be standing, with their arms relaxed along the torso. The skinfold should be picked up vertically parallel to the length of the arm. Iliocristale point: the most lateral point of the upper margin of the iliac crest.

The subject should be standing with their arms relaxed along the torso. They can also cross the right upper arm over the torso. The skinfold is oblique about 45 degrees, from the outside to the inside and downwards , according to the natural fold of the skin.

The abdominal skinfold is located 5cm to the right side of the umbilical scar. This distance should be measured with an anthropometric tape. This distance is used for individuals measuring around cm. The abdominal skinfold is measured vertically at the umbilical point.

The subject should be seated on the edge of a bench with an upright torso and the right leg extended.

The hands should be under the thigh and exert upward pressure to reduce the tension of the skin. The left leg should be flexed , forming a degree angle between the thigh and the leg. The front thigh skinfold is measured parallel to the long axis of the thigh. Since this fold can be harder to point out, the tester may ask for the assistance of a third person, who raises the fold with both hands at about 6cm on either side of the marked site.

The medial calf point should be marked in the internal surface of the leg, at the level of the maximum circumference of the calf.

To mark this point, the subject should be standing, with their arms relaxed along the torso, with their feet apart and the bodyweight equally distributed between both feet. The tester should be positioned in front of the patient and look for the maximum circumference using an anthropometric tape.

This horizontal line should be intercepted by a vertical line located in the middle part of the leg. The subject should place their right leg in an anthropometric box and ensure there is a degree angle between the thigh and the leg. The fold should be measured in the medial calf skinfold site, vertical to the length of the leg.

The iliac crest skinfold should be raised superior to the iliocristale , at the level of the line that connects the midpoint of the armpit to the ilium. The skinfold is measured immediately above the iliac crest skinfold site. Pireva A.

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Sansone P, Ceravolo A, Tessitore A. External, internal, perceived training loads and their relationships in youth basketball players across different positions. Download references. We would like to thank all the authors who gently provided us with the original data from their articles and answered our queries, and Dr.

Robin Ristl for his precious assistance. This article was supported by the Open Access Publishing Fund of the University of Vienna.

Faculty of Sport Sciences, UCAM - Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain. University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria.

Centre for Sports Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand SPRINZ , Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand. Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.

You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. PS wrote the manuscript. PS, PB and BM performed the systematic review search. All authors contributed to conception of the systematic review.

PS, PB and BM devised the search parameters for the systematic review. All authors contributed to the interpretation of the results. All authors reviewed the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Correspondence to Pascal Bauer. The authors, Pierpaolo Sansone, Bojan Makivic, Robert Csapo, Patria Hume, Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez and Pascal Bauer, declare that they have no competing interests with the content of this article.

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Reprints and permissions. Sansone, P. et al. Body Fat of Basketball Players: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med - Open 8 , 26 Download citation.

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Skip to main content. Search all SpringerOpen articles Search. Download PDF. Abstract Background This study aimed to provide reference values for body fat BF of basketball players considering sex, measurement method, and competitive level. Methods A systematic literature research was conducted using five electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, Scopus.

Results After screening, 80 articles representing basketball players were selected. Conclusions Despite the limitations of published data, this meta-analysis provides reference values for BF of basketball players.

Background Basketball is one of the most practiced team sports worldwide [ 1 ] and has been an Olympic discipline since Methods Study Design and Searches A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement guidelines [ 24 ].

Full size image. Results The search of the five databases resulted in a total of publications. Table 1 Selected body composition parameters measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry Full size table.

Table 2 Selected body composition parameters measured with bioelectrical impedance analysis Full size table. Table 3 Selected body composition parameters measured with skinfolds Full size table.

Table 4 Selected body composition parameters measured with air displacement plethysmography Full size table. Table 5 Results of meta-analysis according to sex and measurement method Full size table.

Funnel plot of the model including all moderator variables. Discussion This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis to examine body fat in basketball players as well as the respective influences of sex, measurement method and competitive level.

Conclusion This meta-analysis summarised and evaluated the available body of evidence on BF of basketball players. Availability of data and materials Data will be made available upon reasonable request. References Hulteen RM, Smith JJ, Morgan PJ, Barnett LM, Hallal PC, Colyvas K, et al.

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Here is the standard technique that is used. You should read this information in conjunction with the description of each of the standard measurement sites. equipment: skinfold calipers e. Harpenden, Slimglide, Lange , tape measure , marker pen, recording sheets.

Read the Skinfold Guide for a comparison of available calipers. pre-test: Explain the test procedures to the subject. Perform screening of health risks and obtain informed consent.

Prepare forms and record basic information such as age, height, body weight, gender, test conditions. Calipers should be calibrated for correct jaw tension and gap width.

See more details of pre-test procedures. procedure: Skinfold measurement can use from 3 to 9 different standard anatomical sites around the body. The right side is usually only measured for consistency.

The tester pinches the skin at the appropriate site to raise a double layer of skin and the underlying adipose tissue, but not the muscle. The calipers are then applied 1 cm below and at right angles to the pinch, and a reading in millimeters mm taken two seconds later. The mean of two measurements should be taken.

If the two measurements differ greatly, a third should then be done, then the median value taken. the sites: there are many common sites at which the skinfold pinch can be taken. See the descriptions and photographs of each skinfold site.

It is best to use the sum of several sites to monitor and compare body fat measures.

Skinfolx a previous blog we explored how different techniques Skinfold measurement for sports teams body composition. Here we spirts going to Oranges for Digestive Health at Caffeine and pregnancy valid and reliable Skinfoldd measures actually Immune-boosting antioxidants. It tsams worth noting that the main limitation of all body composition assessments is that they are based on assumptions. The only truly accurate way to assess body composition is cadaver analysis i. In this article we will focus on the 3 most used methods to measure body composition: Dual X-ray absorptiometry DXAskinfolds and bio electrical impedance measurements BIA.

Skinfold measurement for sports teams -

Some equations for children and adolescents have been compared with the criterion 4-component model , see Table 3. Significant bias for percentage body fat and fat free mass was observed for the equations by Slaughter et al. No significant mean bias was shown by the equation by Deurenberg et al.

This may affect the evaluation of body composition changes within individuals overtime. Correlations were calculated as the correlation between the difference and mean.

FFM values were log transformed to express the difference as a percentage of the mean. Values for percentage body fat are expressed as a percentage of body weight. Adapted from: Wells et al. first 10 days of life and based on different skinfold thickness measuring sites.

The Deierlein et al. A non-significant correlation suggests no bias in the technique across the range of fatness. Source: Clauble et al. However, the relationship between total body density and skinfold thickness varies with age and those equations may not be applicable in younger groups.

Estimates derived using the Slaughter et al. Agreement analysis showed significant bias at 6 weeks, underestimating percentage body fat by 2. The agreement analysis between Slaughter et al. Estimates derived from the Deurenberg et al. When analysing data in infancy, often the raw thickness data are used.

The sum of the thicknesses is determined and internal standard deviation score Z-score are derived. Internal Z-scores can be generated by regressing skinfolds on age and using the saved residuals , and then adjusting for sex in the analyses. The skinfold indices, triceps skinfold-for-age and subscapular skinfold-for-age are useful additions to the battery of growth standards for assessing childhood obesity in infants between 3 months to 5 years.

These indices are expressed in percentiles percentage of median and can be assessed by the percentile point achieved by a child relative to the healthy children of that age and gender in the same population. Median is regarded as a reference value, and 3 rd and 97 th percentiles as thresholds to indicate abnormally low or abnormally high values.

The WHO growth standard for triceps skinfold-for-age and subscapular skinfold-for-age are used for interpretation. Considerations relating to the use of skinfold thickness methods in specific populations are described in Table 6.

To obtain reliable data from this method it is essential to standardize the procedure, train the participating staff and assess inter and intra observer reliability to monitor measurement error. Refer to section: practical considerations for objective anthropometry.

About About the DAPA Measurement Toolkit What's New Other resources Toolkit Team Contact. Introduction Validity Reliability Error and bias Feasibility Data processing Statistical assessment of reliability and validity Harmonisation.

Introduction Subjective methods Objective methods Harmonisation Videos Dietary assessment decision matrix. Introduction Subjective methods Objective methods Harmonisation Videos Physical activity assessment decision matrix. Introduction Subjective methods Objective methods Anthropometric indices Harmonisation Videos Anthropometry decision matrix.

Anthropometry Domain. Simple measures - skinfolds. What is assessed? How is the measurement conducted? When is this method used? How are estimates of body composition derived?

Strengths and limitations Populations Further considerations Resources required References. Population specific equations are used to derive estimates of percent body fat. Equipment Caliper The cost of calipers ranges from £9 to approximately £ php Measuring tape Typically a non-stretch fibreglass or plastic measuring tape such as those used in circumference measurements is used to locate the anatomical midpoints on the body where the skinfold measurement is taken.

Protocol Skinfold measurement can be obtained from 2 to 9 different standard anatomical sites around the body using a caliper, as shown in Figure 2. The following are the nine anatomical sites as illustrated in Figure 2 that are most commonly used in the assessment of skinfold thickness: Chest or pectoral skinfold: For men, get a diagonal fold half way between the armpit and the nipple.

Mid-Axillary: A vertical fold on the mid-axillary line which runs directly down from the centre of the armpit.

Supra-iliac or flank: A diagonal fold just above the front forward protrusion of the hip bone just above the iliac crest at the midaxillary line. Quadriceps or mid-thigh: A vertical fold midway between the knee and the top of the thigh between the inguinal crease and the proximal border of the patella.

Abdominal: A horizontal fold about 3 cm to the side of the midpoint of the umbilicus and 1 cm below it. Triceps: A vertical fold midway between the acromion process and the olecranon process elbow. Biceps: A vertical pinch mid-biceps at the same level the triceps skinfold was taken.

Subscapular: A diagonal fold just below the inferior angle of the scapula. Medial calf: The foot is placed flat on an elevated surface with the knee flexed at a 90° angle.

A vertical fold taken at the widest point of the calf at the medial inner aspect of the calf. It is standard to take measurements from the right side in the US, and from the left side in Europe. When selecting the side it is important to be consistent. The site to be measured is marked once identified.

A non-stretchable tape like in Figure 2 can be used to locate anatomical midpoints on the body. The skinfold should be firmly grasped by the thumb and index finger of the left hand about 1 cm proximal to the skinfold site and pulled away from the body see Figure 3.

The caliper is in the right hand perpendicular to the axis of the skinfold and with dial facing up. The caliper tip should be 1 cm distal from the fingers holding the skinfold. The dial is read approx. Measurement is recorded to the nearest 0.

Three measurements are recorded and if consecutive measurements differ by 1 mm, the measurement is to be repeated; separated by 15 seconds. The technician should maintain pressure with the fingers throughout each measurement. Measurements should not be taken after exercise as overheat causes a shift in body fluids to the skin and will inflate the skinfold size.

As hydration level can influence measurements, it is recommended to carry out the measurements in a hydrated state. Figure 4 An example of a calibration block. It is implemented in large scale population studies or screening purposes, where more portable field methods are desirable.

The residual volume in the lungs is measured by inhaling helium and measuring the dilution. Estimations of FM and FFM can then be made. This technique is perhaps the most direct and accurate technique to measure body fat, but there are few places that have this facility and it is not a very practical method.

There are a number of techniques that can be used to measure body composition. The technique we should use depends on the goal of the measurement. For example, if we want to know more about bone density, we should use DXA. If we need an accurate measure of body fat, we cannot use skinfold measurements and we should use underwater weighing or DXA.

On the other hand, if we need a practical way to track changes over time, we should consider skinfolds. The different techniques vary in their accuracy and their reliability how reproducible the results are if you do several measurements.

This will be discussed in the next blog. Wang ZM, Pierson RN Jr, Heymsfield SB. The five-level model: a new approach to organizing body-composition research. Am J Clin Nutr.

Nana A, Slater GJ, Stewart AD, Burke LM. Methodology review: using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry DXA for the assessment of body composition in athletes and active people. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. Are extreme glycogen loading protocols necessary?

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Caroline Tarnowski 5 min read. Body composition methods compared. What is body composition? The more compartments that are measured, the less error there is in body composition estimates.

Written by: Michelle Rockwell, MS, RD, CSSD, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Body composition is a physical measurement that provides more specific information about body make-up than body weight alone.

Does body composition impact athletic performance and health? Assessing body composition There are many different methods for evaluating body composition. Assessment tools and methods used with college student-athletes: In the collegiate setting, numerous assessment tools are used.

Considerations about body composition analysis: A body composition measurement from one method cannot be compared to one from another. For example, a football player evaluated by DEXA at his university cannot compare results to the BodPod values he receives at the NFL combine.

Likewise, when tester or equipment variation comes into play, results also cannot be compared. A cross country runner who has skinfold caliper measurements performed by her strength and conditioning coach cannot compare results to the same measurements taken by the sports dietitian.

Measuring via the same method in a systematic way offers the most benefit for individuals and team analysis. Measurements should be done in private. Results should be handled with sensitivity. The National Athletic Trainers Association suggests that body composition results be treated the same as other medical information with regard to confidentiality.

Measurements should be taken when student-athletes are well-hydrated and before exercise. In general, measurements should be taken no more frequently than every two to three months. Some professionals recommend twice per year or less. Defer to your sports dietitian regarding specific student-athlete protocols.

There should always be a purpose for taking measurement. Clear and consistent communication is paramount. Testers must be sensitive to the impact of assessment on student-athletes. If resources are not available to assist with the management of body composition information and education, its best to avoid it altogether.

Communicating about body composition Always emphasize performance measures, overall training, diet and healthy lifestyle as highest priority for athletes. When body composition change is appropriate, establish a percent body fat range rather than an absolute value. Changes in body composition should be gradual and targeted changes are priority in the off-season whenever possible.

Guide student-athletes to focus on FFM as much as they focus on percent body fat as this is functional, powerful athletic tissue they wish to maintain or increase and can feel more positive than focusing on decreasing percent body fat.

It is recommended that athletics departments develop guidelines and protocol for measurement, analysis and communication of body composition data. Table 3. May feel intrusive to some athletes. Body composition then estimated using equations.

Expensive Test is fairly quick about 10 min Athletes have to wear swimsuit or minimal tight clothing and cap — privacy required Must be housed in environmentally appropriate and stable room.

Lean tissue is more dense than water, and fat tissue is less dense than water muscle sinks, fat floats. Athlete with higher body fat will weigh less underwater and athlete with more lean tissue will weigh more.

Small sonar device that utilizes high-frequency sound waves to produce images of body tissues; fat can be distinguished from other tissue. Not yet common method of testing. More likely in research setting.

References: Thompson W. Ackland T, Lohman T, Sundgot-Borgen J, Maughan R, Meyer N, Stewart A, Wolfram M. Turocy PS, DePalma B, Horswill C, Laquale K, Martin T, Perry A, Somova M, Utter A. Moon J, Tobkin S, Smith A, Lockwood C, Walter A, Cramer J, Beck T, Stout J.

Taking skinfold measurements is a common measurwment for fot body fat composition. Calipers Skinfold measurement for sports teams used to measure the thickness of the skin at Prediabetes stress management range of sites around the body. Accurate measurement technique is important. Here is the standard technique that is used. You should read this information in conjunction with the description of each of the standard measurement sites. equipment: skinfold calipers e. Harpenden, Slimglide, Langetape measuremarker pen, recording sheets. Calipers are used Skinfoold measure the Paleo diet and mindfulness of the measurememt Skinfold measurement for sports teams a measuremetn of sites around the body and over time this can show Skinfod persons progress. To some the Skinfold measurement for sports teams can look a little daunting, so when reams of our Measureent Athletica Skinfold measurement for sports teams and Elite Australian Gymnast, Leanne Van Meqsurement covered spots in her latest Allergen-free environment video, Prediabetes stress management thought it Spiced roasted vegetables too good not Skinfold measurement for sports teams share. Leanne gives psorts great insight into not just the Skinfold Testing, but also Skinfol great Vegan pregnancy nutrition behind the scenes at her training and development, along with the discussing the key role that Nutrition plays in her progress. For those interested in undergoing skinfold testing themselves, as you will see in the video, Precision Athletica Sports Dietitian — Atlanta Miall is very well practised in conducting this testing and she is available to all via appointment at our Sydney Olympic Park training centre. In a skinfold assessment, 8 anatomically defined sites on the body triceps, subscapular, biceps, iliac crest, supraspinale, abdominal, front thigh and medial calf are marked to then assess subcutaneous fat fat below the surface of the skin using skinfold callipers. The sites are chosen to account for individual variations in body fat distribution and the results are given as a sum of the 8 sites some sports will only measure 7 sites, leaving out the iliac crest measurement. Skinfolds only measure subcutaneous fat, not visceral fat, which is the internal fat surrounding organs, however this is not usually an issue for athletes.